Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that affects many women of reproductive age.
It is characterised by hormonal imbalances, irregular menstrual cycles, and the presence of multiple cysts on the ovaries.
Early recognition of PCOS symptoms can help in effective management and prevention of complications such as infertility, diabetes, and heart disease.
This article highlights the most common symptoms of PCOS in females.
Common Symptoms of PCOS
1. Irregular Periods
One of the most noticeable signs of PCOS is irregular or infrequent menstrual cycles. This may include:
- Menstrual cycles that are longer than 35 days.
- Missed periods (oligomenorrhea).
- Very heavy or prolonged periods (menorrhagia).
2. Excess Androgens
Women with PCOS often have elevated levels of male hormones (androgens), leading to physical signs such as:
- Excess facial and body hair growth (hirsutism).
- Severe or persistent acne, particularly on the face, chest, and back.
- Thinning hair or male-pattern baldness (androgenic alopecia).
3. Weight Gain or Difficulty Losing Weight
- Many women with PCOS experience weight gain, especially around the abdomen.
- Insulin resistance, a common feature of PCOS, contributes to weight management challenges.
4. Polycystic Ovaries
- An ultrasound may reveal enlarged ovaries with multiple small cysts along the outer edges.
- Despite the name, not all women with PCOS have cysts on their ovaries.
5. Infertility or Difficulty Conceiving
- PCOS is one of the leading causes of female infertility due to irregular ovulation or lack of ovulation (anovulation).
6. Fatigue
- Chronic fatigue and low energy levels are common complaints among women with PCOS.
7. Mood Swings and Mental Health Issues
- Increased anxiety, depression, and mood swings may occur due to hormonal imbalances.
- Emotional distress may also stem from struggles with physical symptoms like weight gain or acne.
8. Darkened Skin Patches (Acanthosis Nigricans)
- Dark, velvety patches of skin may appear, commonly in the armpits, neck, or under the breasts.
- This is often linked to insulin resistance.
9. Skin Tags
- Small, excess growths of skin may appear in areas like the neck or underarms.
10. Cravings and Increased Appetite
- Hormonal imbalances can lead to increased appetite and cravings for sugary or carbohydrate-rich foods.
11. Pelvic Pain
- Some women with PCOS report pelvic discomfort or pain unrelated to their menstrual cycle.
Causes and Risk Factors
While the exact cause of PCOS is unknown, contributing factors include:
- Genetics: A family history of PCOS may increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
- Insulin Resistance: Insulin resistance leads to higher androgen production, which disrupts ovulation.
- Lifestyle: Poor diet, lack of exercise, and high stress levels can exacerbate symptoms.
When to See a Doctor
If you experience any of the following, it’s important to seek medical advice:
- Irregular or absent periods for several months.
- Difficulty conceiving after trying for a year.
- Severe acne or excessive hair growth.
- Sudden or unexplained weight gain.
- Symptoms of depression or anxiety.
Take Away
PCOS is a complex condition with a wide range of symptoms that can vary from person to person.
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Early diagnosis and management through lifestyle changes, medication, and medical guidance can help reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.
If you suspect you have PCOS, consult a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.